脑淀粉样血管病(cerebralamyloidangiopathy,CAA)是以软脑膜和皮质中、小动脉中膜和外膜出现β-淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloidpeptide,Aβ)沉积为特征的一种脑血管病变。散发性CAA通常见于60岁以上的老年人,其发病率随着年龄的增长而升高,65~74岁为2.3%,80岁以上为00%。由于70%~97.6%的阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimersdisease,AD)患者存在CAA,因此被认为是AD的形态学标志,但也可见于无临床症状的健康老年人。多数CAA患者临床表现为痴呆、脑出血或短暂性脑缺血发作,其中脑出血是CAA最常见的临床表现。
CAA在组织病理学上可分3级:()轻度:淀粉样蛋白局限于血管中膜,但血管平滑肌细胞无明显受损;(2)中度:血管中膜为淀粉样蛋白取代,且较正常变薄;(3)重度:淀粉样蛋白广泛沉积于局部节段血管壁甚至呈双环,微小动脉瘤形成,可见纤维蛋白样坏死,血液经血管壁漏出。也有人根据分布范围将CAA分为3个阶段:()起始阶段:主要分布于大脑皮质和软脑膜中、小动脉壁;(2)第二阶段:可见于旧皮质区和小脑血管;(3)最终阶段:可发展到皮质下结构如丘脑、基底节、白质以及脑干。
TheBostonCriteriaforDiagnosisofCAA
Figure.Histologicappearanceofβ-amyloiddepositionincerebralcorticalvessels.(a)Photomicrograph(originalmagnification,×00;Congoredstain)showshighlightedβ-amyloiddepositsalongthevesselwalls.(b)Photomicrograph(originalmagnification,×00;Congoredstain)obtainedwithpolarizedlightshowstheclassicyellow-greenbirefringenceoftheβ-amyloiddeposits.
74岁,男,急性发作的失语,精神错乱,右侧面瘫
Figure2.DeterminationofICHlocationina74-year-oldmanwithacuteonsetofexpressiveaphasia,confusion,andaright-sidedfacialdroop.Axialnonen-hancedCTscanshowsaleft-sidedfrontalcorticalICH,afindingmostconsistentwithCAA-relatedICH.PathologictissueobtainedathematomaevacuationwaspositiveforCAA.ThelocationofanICHishelpfulindeterminingthecauseoftheICHinapatientwithasuddenneurologicdeficit.
80岁,男,四年来进行性老年痴呆,GRE序列灵敏显示含铁血*素沉着。
Figure3.SensitivityofGREimagingforhemosiderininan80-year-oldmanwithdementiathathasprogressedoverthepast4years.(a)AxialGREMRimageshowsmultiplefociofsignallossincortical-subcorticallocations.InapatientwithadiagnosisofprobableCAA,thesefociareconsistentwithchronicmicrohemorrhages.(b)AxialT2-weightedfastspin-echoMRimagedoesnotshowthefociofchronicmicrohemorrhage.
65岁,女,复发CAA相关性脑出血,进行性失语,右侧视野缺损,头痛
Figure4.RecurrentCAA-relatedICHina65-year-oldwomanwithprogressiveaphasia,rightvisualfielddeficits,andheadache.(a)AxialnonenhancedscanfromtheinitialCTstudyshowsadiscrete,ovoid,left-sidedoccipitalICH.(b)AxialGREMRimageobtainedthesamedayshowsnumerouscortical-subcorticalmicrohemorrhages,afindingmost